620 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



certain religious opinions ; they are less debarred from ex 

 pressing their political views; they no longer have their 

 dresses and modes of living dictated to them ; they are 

 comparatively little restrained from forming private com 

 binations and holding meetings for one or other purpose 

 political, religious, social. Fifth, while the individualities of 

 citizens are less aggressed upon by public agency, they are 

 more protected by public agency against aggression. Instead 

 of a regime under which individuals rectified their private 

 wrongs by force as well as they could, or else bribed the ruler, 

 general or local, to use his power in their behalf, there has 

 come a regime under which, while much less self-protection 

 is required, a chief function of the ruling power and its 

 agents is to administer justice. In all ways, then, we are 

 shown that with this relative decrease of militancy and 

 relative increase of industrialism, there has been a change 

 from a social order in which individuals exist for the benefit 

 of the State, to a social order in which the State exists for 

 the benefit of individuals. 



When, instead of contrasting early European communities 

 at large with European communities at large as they now 

 exist, we contrast the one in which industrial development 

 has been less impeded by militancy with those in which it 

 has been more impeded by militancy, parallel results are 

 apparent. Between our own society and continental societies, 

 as for example, France, the differences which have gradually 

 arisen may be cited in illustration. After the con 



quering Normans had spread over England, there was esta 

 blished here a much greater subordination of local rulers to 

 the general ruler than existed in France ; and, as a res .lit, 

 there was not nearly so much internal dissension. Says 

 Hallam, speaking of this period, &quot; we read very little of 

 private wars in England.&quot; Though from time to time, as 

 under Stephen, there were rebellions, and though there were 

 occasional fights between nobles, yet for some hundred and 

 fifty years, up to the time of King John, the subjection main- 



