622 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



stitution of contract for status, which, taking place first in 

 the industrial centres, the towns, afterwards went on in the 

 rural districts, there was going on an analogous enfranchise 

 ment of the noble class. The enforced military obligations of 

 vassals were more and more replaced by money payments or 

 scutages ; so that by King John s time, the fighting services 

 of the upper class had been to a great extent compounded 

 for, like the labour services of the lower class. After dimi 

 nished restraints over persons, there came diminished invasions 

 of property. By the Charter, arbitrary tallages on towns and 

 non-military king s tenants were checked ; and while the 

 aggressive actions of the State were thus decreased, its pro 

 tective actions were extended : provisions were made that 

 justice should be neither sold, delayed, nor denied. All 

 which changes were towards those social arrangements which 

 we see characterize the industrial type. Then, in the next 

 place, we have the subsequently-occurring rise of a represen 

 tative government ; which, as shown in a preceding chapter 

 by another line of inquiry, is at once the product of industrial 

 growth and the form proper to the industrial type. But in 

 France none of these changes took place. Villeinage remain 

 ing unmitigated continued to comparatively late times ; com 

 pounding for military obligation of vassal to suzerain was less 

 general ; and when there arose tendencies towards the esta 

 blishment of an assembly expressing the popular will, they 

 proved abortive. Detailed comparisons of subsequent 



periods and their changes would detain us too long : it must 

 suffice to indicate the leading facts. Beginning with the date 

 at which, under the influences just indicated, parliamentary 

 government was finally established in England, we find that 

 for a century and a half, down to the Wars of the Roses, the 

 internal disturbances were few and unimportant compared 

 with those which took place in France ; and at the same 

 time (remembering that the wars between England and 

 France, habitually taking place on French soil, affected the 

 Btate of France more than that of England) we note that 



