THE INDUSTRIAL TYPE OF SOCIETY. 623 



France carried on serious wars with Flanders, Castille and 

 Navarre besides the struggle with Burgundy: the result 

 being that while in England popular power as expressed by 

 the House of Commons became settled and increased, such 

 power as the States General had acquired in France, dwindled 

 away. Not forgetting that by the Wars of the Eoses, lasting 

 over thirty years, there was initiated a return towards 

 absolutism; let us contemplate the contrasts which subse 

 quently arose. For a century and a half after these civil con 

 flicts ended, there were but few and trivial breaches of internal 

 peace ; while such wars as went on with foreign powers, not 

 numerous, took place as usual out of England. During this 

 period the retrograde movement which the Wars of the 

 Eoses set up, was reversed, and popular power greatly in 

 creased ; so that in the words of Mr. Bagehot, &quot; the slavish 

 parliament of Henry VIII. grew into the murmuring parlia 

 ment of Queen Elizabeth, the mutinous Parliament of 

 James I., and the rebellious parliament of Charles I.&quot; Mean 

 while France, during the first third of this period, had been 

 engaged in almost continuous external wars with Italy, 

 Spain, and Austria ; while during the remaining two-thirds, 

 it suffered from almost continuous internal wars, religious 

 and political : the accompanying result being that, notwith 

 standing resistances from time to time made, the monarchy 

 became increasingly despotic. Fully to make manifest 



the different social types which had been evolved under these 

 different conditions, we have to compare not only the respec 

 tive political constitutions but also the respective systems of 

 social control. Observe what these were at the time when 

 there commenced that reaction which ended in the French 

 revolution. In harmony with the theory of the militant type, 

 that the individual is in life, liberty, and property, owned by 

 the State, the monarch was by some held to be the universal 

 proprietor. The burdens he imposed upon landowners were 

 so grievous that a part of them preferred abandoning their 

 estates to paying. Then besides the taking of property by 



