THE INDUSTRIAL TYPE OF SOCIETY. 627 



there was &quot;a vast and absurd variety of offences for which 

 men and women were sentenced to death by the score :&quot; there 

 was &quot;a devilish levity in dealing with human life.&quot; But at 

 the same time there was not an increase, but rather a decrease, 

 of security. As says Mr. Pike in his History of Crime in 

 England, &quot; it became apparent that the greater the strain of 

 the conflict the greater is the danger of a reaction towards 

 violence and lawlessness.&quot; Turn now to the opposite 



picture. After recovery from ihe prostration which prolonged 

 wars had left, and after the dying away of those social per 

 turbations caused by impoverishment, there began a revival of 

 traits proper to the industrial type. Coercion of the citizen 

 by the State decreased in various ways. Voluntary enlist 

 ment replaced compulsory military service ; and there dis 

 appeared some minor restraints over personal freedom, as 

 instance the repeal of laws which forbade artizans to travel 

 where they pleased, and which interdicted trades-unions. 

 With these manifestations of greater respect for personal 

 freedom, may be joined those shown in the amelioration of the 

 penal code : the public whipping of females being first 

 abolished ; then the long list of capital offences being reduced 

 until there finally remained but one ; and, eventually, the pillory 

 and imprisonment for debt being abolished. Such penalties 

 on religious independence as remained disappeared ; first by 

 removal of those directed against Protestant Dissenters, and 

 then of those which weighed on Catholics, and then of 

 some which told specially against Quakers and Jews. By 

 the Parliamentary Eeform Bill and the Municipal Eeform 

 Bill, vast numbers were removed from the subject classes 

 to the governing classes. Interferences with the business- 

 transactions of citizens were diminished by allowing free 

 trade in bullion, by permitting joint-stock banks, by abolish 

 ing multitudinous restrictions on the importation of com 

 modities leaving eventually but few which pay duty. More 

 over while these and kindred changes, such as the removal 

 of restraining burdens on the press, decreased the impedi- 

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