638 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



most efficiently to subserve the lives of citizuns, we find them 

 to be these. A .corporate action subordinating individual 

 actions by uniting them in joint effort, is no longer requisite. 

 Contrariwise, such corporate action as remains has for its 

 end to guard individual actions against all interferences not 

 necessarily entailed by mutual limitation : the type of society 

 in which this function is best discharged, being that which 

 must survive, since it is that of which the members will most 

 prosper. Excluding, as the requirements of the industrial 

 type do, a despotic controlling agency, they imply, as the 

 only congruous agency for achieving such corporate action as 

 is needed, one. formed of representatives who serve to express 

 the aggregate will. The function of this controlling agency, 

 generally defined as that of administering justice, is more 

 specially defined as that of seeing that each citizen gains 

 neither more nor less of benefit than his activities normally 

 bring ; and there is thus excluded all public action involving 

 any artificial distribution of benefits. The regime of status 

 proper to militancy having disappeared, the regime of contract 

 which replaces it has to be universally enforced; and this 

 negatives interferences between efforts and results by arbitrary 

 apportionment. Otherwise regarded, the industrial type is 

 distinguished from the militant type as being not both posi 

 tively regulative and negatively regulative, but as being 

 negatively regulative only. With this restricted sphere for 

 corporate action comes an increased sphere for individual 

 action ; and from that voluntary cooperation which is the 

 fundamental principle of the type, arise multitudinous private 

 combinations, akin in their structures to the public com 

 bination of the society which includes them. Indirectly it 

 results that a society of the industrial type is distinguished 

 by plasticity ; and also that it tends to lose its economic 

 autonomy, and to coalesce with adjacent societies. 



The question next considered was, whether these traits of 

 the industrial type as arrived at by deduction are inductively 

 verified ; and we found that in actual societies they are visible 



