644 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



the coherent connexion of citizens ; at one stage coercively 

 bound to one another and to their localities by family-ties and 

 class-ties, and at a later stage voluntarily bound together by 

 their mutually-dependent occupations. Once more, there is 

 that merging of individual wills in a governmental will, which 

 reduces a society, as it reduces an army, to a consolidated 

 body. 



An increase of heterogeneity at the same time goes on in 

 many ways. Everywhere the horde, when its members co 

 operate for defence or offence, begins to differentiate into a 

 predominant man, a superior few, and an inferior many. 

 With that massing of groups which war effects, there grow 

 out of these, head chief, subordinate chiefs, and warriors; 

 and at higher stages of integration, kings, nobles, and people : 

 each of the two great social strata presently becoming dif 

 ferentiated within itself. When small societies have been 

 united, the respective triune governing agencies of them grow 

 unlike : the local political assemblies falling into subordina 

 tion to a central political assembly. Though, for a time, the 

 central one continues to be constituted after the same manner 

 as the local ones, it gradually diverges in character by loss 

 of its popular element. While these local and central bodies 

 are becoming contrasted in their powers and structures, they 

 are severally becoming differentiated in another way. Origi 

 nally each is at once military, political, and judicial; but 

 by and by the assembly for judicial business, no longer armed, 

 ceases to be like the politico-military assembly : and the 

 politico-military assembly eventually gives origin to a con 

 sultative body, the members of which, when meeting for 

 political deliberation, come unarmed. Within each of these 

 divisions, again, kindred changes subsequently occur. While 

 themselves assuming more specialized forms, local judicial 

 agencies fall under the control of a central judicial agency ; 

 and the central judicial agency, which has separated from the 

 original consultative body, subdivides into parts or courts 

 which take unlike kinds of business. The central political 



