POLITICAL RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT. 649 



some dependent ones which have not been indicated. We 

 will glance first at the implied political structures, and next 

 at the implied political functions. 



What forms of governmental organization must be the out 

 come of voluntary cooperation carried to its limit ? We have 

 already seen that in the absence of those appliances for 

 coercion which accompany the militant type, whatever *egis- 

 lative and administrative structures exist, must be, in general 

 and in detail, of directly or indirectly representative origin. 

 The presence in them of functionaries not deriving their 

 powers from the aggregate will, and not changeable by the 

 aggregate will, would imply partial continuance of that rfyime 

 of status which the regime of contract has, by the hypothesis, 

 entirely replaced. But assuming the exclusion of all irre 

 sponsible agents, what particular structures will best serve 

 to manifest and execute the aggregate will ? This is a 

 question to which only approximate answers can be given. 

 There are various possible organizations through which the 

 general consensus of feeling and opinion may display itself 

 and issue in action ; and it is very much a question of con 

 venience, rather than of principle, which of these shall be 

 adopted. Let us consider some of their varieties. 



The representatives constituting the central legislature 

 may form one body or they may form two. If there is but 

 one, it may consist of men directly elected by all qualified 

 citizens; or its members may be elected by local bodies which 

 have themselves arisen by direct election ; or it may include 

 members some of whom are elected in the one way and some 

 in the other. If there are two chambers, the lower one may 

 arise in the first of the three ways named ; while the second 

 arises in one of several ways. It may consist of members 

 chosen by local representative bodies ; or it may be chosen 

 by the lower chamber out of its own number. Its members 

 may either have no test of eligibility, or they may be required 

 to have special qualifications : experience in administration, 

 for example. Then besides these various forms of the 



