POLITICAL RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT. 651 



nizing the analogies furnished by individual organizations, 

 which everywhere show us that structures evolved during 

 the earlier stages of a type for functions then requisite, 

 usually do not disappear at later stages, but become re 

 moulded in adaptation to functions more or less different; 

 we may suspect that the political institutions appropriate to 

 the industria^ type, will, in each society, continue to bear 

 traces of the earlier political institutions evolved for other 

 purposes ; as we see that even now the new societies growing 

 up in colonies, tend thus to preserve marks of earlier stages 

 passed through by ancestral societies. Hence we may infer 

 that societies which, in the future, have alike become com 

 pletely industrial, will not present identical political forms; 

 but that to the various possible forms appropriate to the type, 

 they will present approximations determined partly by their 

 own structures in the past and partly by the structures of 

 the societies from which they have been derived. Eecognizing 

 this probability, let us now ask by what changes our own 

 political constitution may be brought into congruity with 

 the requirements. 



Though there are some who contend that a single body of 

 representatives is sufficient for the legislative needs of a 

 free nation, yet the reasons above given warrant the suspicion 

 that the habitual duality of legislatures, of which the rudi 

 ments are traceable in the earliest political differentiation, is 

 not likely to be entirely lost in the future. That spontaneous 

 division of the primitive group into the distinguished few and 

 the undistinguished many, both of which take part in deter 

 mining the actions of the group that division which, with 

 reviving power of the undistinguished many, reappears when 

 there is formed a body representing it, which cooperates with 

 the body formed of the distinguished few in deciding on 

 national affairs, appears likely to continue. Assuming that 

 as a matter of course two legislative bodies, if they exist 

 hereafter, must both arise by representation, direct or indirect, 

 it seems probable that an upper and a lower chamber may 



