662 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



system in such way as to make a popular statesman into a 

 dictator. When, as in the United States, republican insti 

 tutions, instead of being slowly evolved, are all at onca 

 created, there grows up within them an agency of wire 

 pulling politicians, exercising a real rule which overrides the 

 nominal rule of the people at large. When, as at home, an 

 extended franchise, very soon re-extended, vastly augments 

 the mass of those who, having before been controlled are 

 made controllers, they presently fall under the rule of an 

 organized body that chooses their candidates and arranges 

 for them a political programme, which they must either 

 accept or be powerless. So that in the absence of a duly- 

 adapted character, liberty given in one direction is lost in 

 another. 



Allied to the normal relation between character and in 

 stitutions, are the normal relations among institutions them 

 selves ; and the evils which arise from disregard of the second 

 relations are allied to those which arise from disregard of the 

 first. Substantially there is produced the same general 

 effect. The slavery mitigated in one direction is intensified in 

 another. Coercion over the individual, relaxed here is tightened 

 there. For, as we have seen, that change which accompanies 

 development of the industrial type, and is involved by the 

 progress towards those purely equitable relations which the 

 regime of voluntary cooperation brings, implies that the 

 political structures simultaneously become popular in their 

 origin and restricted in their functions. But if they become 

 more popular in their origin without becoming more restricted 

 in their functions, the effect is to foster arrangements which 

 benefit the inferior at the expense of the superior ; and by so 

 doing work towards degradation. Swayed as individuals aio 

 on the average by an egoism which dominates over their 

 altruism, it must happen that even when they become so far 

 equitable in their sentiments that they will not commit direct 

 injustices, they will remain liable to commit injustices of 

 indirect kinds. And since the majority must ever be formed 



