THE KELIGIOUS IDEA. 685 



animal arises: all of them, however, implying identification 

 of it with a human being. 



A pupil of the Edinburgh institution for deaf-mutes said, 

 &quot;before I came to school, I thought that the stars were 

 placed in the firmament like grates of fire.&quot; Recalling, as 

 this does, the belief of some North Americans, that the 

 brighter stars in the Milky Way are camp-fires made by the 

 dead on their way to the other world, we are shown how 

 naturally the identification of stars with persons may occur. 

 When a sportsman, hearing a shot in the adjacent wood, 

 exclaims &quot; That s Jones,&quot; he is not supposed to mean that 

 Jones is the sound ; he is known to mean that Jones made 

 the sound. But when a savage, pointing to a particular star 

 originally thought of as the camp-fire of such or such a 

 departed man, says &quot; There he is,&quot; the children he is 

 instructing naturally suppose him to mean that the star 

 itself is the departed man: especially when receiving the 

 statement through an undeveloped language. Hence such 

 facts as that the Calif or mans think ghosts travel to &quot; where 

 earth and sky meet, to become stars, chiefs assuming the 

 most brilliant forms.&quot; Hence such facts as that the Man- 

 gaians say of certain two stars that they are children whose 

 mother &quot; was a scold and gave them no peace,&quot; and that 

 going to &quot; an elevated point of rock,&quot; they &quot; leaped up into 

 the sky ;&quot; where they were followed by their parents, who 

 have not yet caught them. In ways like these there arises 

 personalization of stars and constellations ; and remembering, 

 as just shown, how general is the identification of human 

 beings with animals in primitive societies, we may per 

 ceive how there also originate animal-constellations ; such as 

 Callisto, who, metamorphosed into a she-bear, became the 

 bear in heaven. That metaphorical naming may 



cause personalization of the heavens at large, we have good 

 evidence. A Hawaiian king bore the name Kalani-nui- 

 Liho Lilio, meaning &quot; the heavens great and dark ; &quot; whence 

 it is clear that (reversing the order alleged by the mytho- 



