MEDICINE-MEN AND PRIESTS. 707 



or other answer. Thus to the living around him, he variously 

 adapts his actions now to conciliate, now to oppose, now to 

 injure, according as his ends seem best subserved. 



Men s ghosts being at first conceived as in all things 

 like their originals, it results that the assemblage of them to 

 which dead members of the tribe and of adjacent tribes give 

 rise, is habitually thought of by each person as standing to 

 Lim in relations like those in which living friends and 

 enemies stand to him. How literally this is so, is well shown 

 by a passage from Bishop Calla way s account of the Zulus, in 

 which an interlocutor describes his relations with the spirit 

 of his brother. 



&quot; You come to me, coming for the purpose of killing mo. It is clear 

 that you were a bad fellow when you were a man : are you still a bad 

 fellow under the ground ? &quot; 



Ghosts and ghost-derived gods being thus thought of as 

 repeating the traits and modes of behaviour of living men, 

 it naturally happens that the modes of treating them are 

 similarly adjusted there are like efforts, now to please, now 

 to deceive, now to coerce. Stewart tells us of the Nagas that 

 they cheat one of their gods who is blind, by pretending that 

 a small sacrifice is a large one. Among the Bouriats, the evil 

 spirit to whom an illness is ascribed, is deluded by an effigy 

 is supposed &quot; to mistake the effigy for the sick person,&quot; 

 and when the effigy is destroyed thinks he has succeeded. 

 In Kibokwe, Cameron saw a &quot; sham devil,&quot; whose &quot; functions 

 were to frighten away the devils who haunted the woods.&quot; 

 Believing in spirits everywhere around, the Kamtschatkans 

 &quot; adored them when their wishes were fulfilled, and insulted 

 them when their affairs went amiss.&quot; The incantations over 

 a sick New Zealander were made &quot; with the expectation of 

 either propitiating the angry deity, or of driving him away :&quot; 

 to which latter end threats to &quot; kill and eat him,&quot; or to burn 

 him, were employed. The Waralis, who worship Waghia, on 

 being asked&quot; Do you ever scold Waghia ? &quot; replied&quot; To be 

 sure, we do. We say, You fellow, we have given you a 

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