THE MILITARY FUNCTIONS OF PRIESTS. 779 



fice. The custom was the same at Athens and at Sparta.&quot; 

 To which we may add that, among the Komans, &quot; the army 

 in the field was the image of the city, and its religion 

 followed it : &quot; the sacred hearth was perpetually burning, there 

 were augurs and diviners, and king or commander sacrificed 

 before and after battle. And, indeed, the priestly function of 

 the Roman commander was such that in some cases he paid 

 more attention to sacrificing than to fighting. 



Nor does the community end here. Beyond this union of 

 military functions with sacerdotal functions in leaders, there 

 occur among the uncivilized, cases in which active parts in 

 fighting are taken by priests. Concerning the Tahitians, 

 whose &quot; chiefs and priests were often among the most famous 

 boxers and wrestlers,&quot; Ellis says that &quot;the priests were 

 not exempted from the battle, they bore arms, and marched 

 with the warriors to the combat.&quot; Presently we shall have 

 to note that parallels have been furnished where they might 

 least be expected. 



630. After recognizing the fact that at the outset, active 

 ecclesiastical headship is united with active military head 

 ship ; and after recognizing the fact that throughout later 

 stages these two headships remain nominally united with 

 headship of the state ; we may go on to observe that very 

 soon, priests usually cease to be direct participators in war, 

 and become indirect participators only. 



During times when the characters of medicine-man and 

 priest are vaguely represented in the person of one who 

 is supposed to have power over, or influence with, super 

 natural beings, we see foreshadowed the advising and 

 administrative functions of priests in war. The Dakotahs 

 show this kind of action in its rudest form. 



&quot; The war chiefs often get some of the priests or jugglers to make 

 war for them. In fact, any of the jugglers can make a war-party when 

 they choose.&quot; 



Then among the Abipones the medicine-man 



