800 ECCLESIASTICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



wielding natural forces and the ecclesiastical head claiming 

 supernatural origin and authority. 



641. There are reasons for thinking that the change from 

 an original predominance of the spiritual power over tho 

 temporal power to ultimate subjugation of it, is mainly duo 

 to that cause which we have found in other cases chiefly 

 operative in determining the higher types of social organiza 

 tion the development of industrialism. 



Already in 618 we have noted that while their extreme 

 servility of nature made the peoples of ancient America 

 yield unresistingly to an unqualified political despotism 

 appropriate to the militant type of society, it also made 

 them submit humbly to the enormously developed priest 

 hoods of their bloody deities ; and we have seen that kindred 

 connexions of traits were shown by various &quot;races of the 

 old world in past times. The contrast with other ancient 

 peoples presented by the Greeks, who, as before pointed out, 

 ( 484-5, 498) were enabled by favouring conditions to 

 resist consolidation under a despot, at the same time that, 

 especially in Athens, industrialism and its arrangements 

 made considerable progress among them, must here be joined 

 with the fact that there did not arise among the Greeks a 

 priestly hierarchy. And the connexion thus exemplified in 

 classic times between the relatively free institutions proper 

 to industrialism, and a smaller development of the sacerdotal 

 organization, is illustrated throughout European history, alike 

 in place and in time. 



The common cause for these simultaneous changes is, as 

 above implied, the modification of nature caused by sub 

 stitution of a life carried on under voluntary co-operation 

 for a life carried on under compulsory co-operation the 

 transition from a social state in which obedience to authority 

 is the supreme virtue, to a social state in which it is a virtue 

 to resist authority when it transgresses prescribed limits, 

 This modification of nature proceeds from that daily habit of 



