180 PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



that, with the control of the living king and his agents, there 

 is gradually joined the control of the dead king and his 

 agents. Simultaneously with the rise of agencies for the 

 defence of life and the regulation of life, there grow up 

 agencies for the sustentation of life. Though at first food, 

 clothing, and shelter are obtained by each for himself, yet 

 exchange, beginning with barter of commodities, gradually 

 initiates a set of appliances which greatly facilitate the bodily 

 maintenance of all. But now the defence of life, the regu 

 lation of life, and the sustentation of life, having been 

 achieved, what further general function is there? There 

 is the augmentation of life; and this function it is which 

 the professions in general subserve. It is obvious that the 

 medical man who removes pains, sets broken bones, cures 

 diseases, and wards off premature death, increases the 

 amount of life. Musical composers and performers, as well 

 as professors of music and dancing, are agents who exalt 

 the emotions and so increase life. The poet, epic, lyric or 

 dramatic, along with the actor, severally in their respective 

 ways yield pleasurable feelings and so increase life. The 

 historian and the man of letters, to some extent by the 

 guidance they furnish, but to a larger extent by the inter 

 est which their facts and fictions create, raise men s mental 

 states and so increase life. Though we cannot say of the 

 lawyer that he does the like in a direct way, yet by aiding 

 the citizen to resist aggressions he furthers his sustentation 

 and thereby increases life. The multitudinous processes 

 and appliances which the man of science makes possible, as 

 well as the innumerable intellectual interests he arouses and 

 the general illumination he yields, increase life. The 

 teacher, alike by information given and by discipline en 

 forced, enables his pupils more effectually to carry on this 

 or that occupation and obtain better subsistence than they 

 would else do, at the same time that he opens the doors to 

 various special gratifications: in both ways increasing life. 

 Once more, those who carry on the plastic arts the painter, 



