182 PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



chieftainship in time of war, and that where war is frequent 

 the chieftainship becomes permanent remembering that 

 efficient co-operation in war requires subordination to him, 

 and that when his chieftainship becomes established such 

 subordination, though mainly limited to war-times, shows 

 itself at other times and favours social co-operation re 

 membering that when, under his leadership, his tribe subju 

 gates other tribes, he begins to be propitiated by them, while 

 he is more and more admired and obeyed by his own tribe 

 remembering that in virtue of the universal ghost-theory 

 the power he is supposed to exercise after death is even 

 greater than the power he displayed during life ; we under 

 stand how it happens that ministrations to him after death, 

 like in kind to those received by him during life, are main 

 tained and often increased. Among primitive peoples, life 

 in the other world is conceived as identical in nature with 

 life in this world. Hence, as the living chief was supplied 

 with food and drink, oblations are taken to his burial-place 

 and libations poured out. As animals were killed for him 

 while he lived, animals are sacrificed on his grave when he 

 is dead. If he has been a great king with a large retinue, 

 the frequent slaughter of many beasts to maintain his court 

 is paralleled by the hecatombs of cattle and sheep slain for 

 the support of his ghost and the ghosts of his attendants. 

 If he was a cannibal, human victims are furnished to him 

 when dead as when alive ; and their blood is poured on the 

 grave-heap, or on the altar which represents the grave-heap. 

 Having had servants in this world he is supposed to need 

 servants in the other, and frequently they are killed at his 

 funeral or sent after him. When the women of his harem 

 are not immolated at his burial-place, as they sometimes 

 are, it is usual to reserve virgins for him in his temple. 

 Visits of homage made to his residence become, in after 

 times, pilgrimages made to his tomb or temple ; and presents 

 at the throne re-appear as presents at the shrine. Prostra 

 tions, genuflexions and other obeisances are made in his 



