PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON. 189 



hood were the &quot; pastophers, who . . . practised medi 



cine.&quot; 



Kespecting the state of things in Babylonia and Assyria, 

 the evidence is not so clear. Says Lenormant of the Chal- 

 dseans : 



&quot;II est curieux de noter que les trois parties qui composaient ainsi 

 le grand ouvrage magique dont Sir Henry Rawlinson a retrouv6 les 

 debris correspondent exactement aux trois classes de docteurs chaldeens 

 que le livre de Daniel (i, .20; ii, 2 et 27; v, 11) enumere a c6te des as- 

 trologues et des devins (kaadim et gazrim), c est-a-dire les khartumin ou 

 conjurateurs, les hakamin ou medecins, et les asaphim ou theosophes.&quot; 

 With like implications Prof. Sayce tells us that 



&quot; The doctor had long been an institution in Assyria and Babylonia. 

 It is true that the great bulk of the people had recourse to religious 

 charms and ceremonies when they were ill, and ascribed their sick 

 ness to possession by demons instead of to natural causes. But there 

 was a continually increasing number of the educated w r ho looked for 

 aid in their maladies rather to the physician with his medicines than 

 to the sorcerer or priest with his charms.&quot; 



But from these two statements taken together it may fairly 

 be inferred that the doctors had arisen as one division of the 

 priestly class. 



Naturally it was with the Hebrews as with their more 

 civilized neighbours. Says Gauthier 



* Chez les Juifsla mdecine a 6te&quot; longtemps sacerdotale comme chez 

 presque tous les anciens peuples ; les levites etaient les seuls m6decins 

 . . . Chez les plus anciens peuples de 1 Asie, tels que les Indiens et 

 les Perses, Tart de guerir etait 6galement exerce par les pretres.&quot; 

 In later days this connexion became less close, and there 

 was a separation of the physician from the priest. Thus in 

 Ecclesiasticus we read : 



&quot;My son, in thy sickness be not negligent: but pray unto the 

 Lord, and he will make thee whole. Leave off from sin, and order 

 thine hands aright, and cleanse thy heart from all wickedness. Give 

 a sweet savour, and a memorial of fine flour; and make a fat offering 

 as not being. Then give place to the physician, for the Lord hath 

 created him; let him not go from thee, for thou hast need of him.&quot; 

 (xxxviii, 912.) 



