198 PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



to cure diseases of the eye, others of the head, others again of the 

 teeth, others of the intestines, and some those which are not local.&quot; 

 Though among the Greeks there was for a long period no 

 division even between physician and surgeon, yet in later 

 days, &quot; the science of healing became divided into separate 

 branches, such as the arts of oculists, dentists, &c.&quot; 



Broken evidence only is furnished by intermediate times ; 

 but our own times furnish clear proofs of progress in the 

 division of labour among medical men. We have physicians 

 who devote themselves, if not exclusively, still mainly, to 

 diseases of the lungs, others to heart-diseases, others to dis 

 orders of the nervous system, others to derangements of 

 digestion, others to affections of the skin; and we have 

 hospitals devoted some to this, and some to that, kind of 

 malady. So, too, with surgeons. Besides such specialists as 

 oculists and aurists, there exist men noted for skilful opera 

 tions on the bladder, the rectum, the ovaria, as well as men 

 whose particular aptitudes are in the treatment of break 

 ages and dislocations; to say nothing of the quacks known 

 as &quot; bone-setters,&quot; whose success, as has been confessed to 

 me by a surgeon, is often greater than that of men belong 

 ing to his own authorized class. 



669 A. In conformity with the normal order of evolution, 

 integration has accompanied these differentiations. From 

 the beginning have been shown tendencies towards unions 

 of those who practised the healing art. There have arisen 

 institutions giving a certain common education to them; 

 associations of those whose kinds of practice were similar; 

 and, in later times, certain general, though less close, associa 

 tions of all medical men. In Alexandria 

 &quot;The temple of Serapis was used for a hospital, the sick being 

 received into it, and persons studying medicine admitted for the 

 purpose of familiarizing themselves with the appearance of disease, 

 precisely as in such institutions at the present time.&quot; 

 In Rome, along with the imported worship of ^Esculapius, 

 there went the communication of knowledge in the places 



