PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON. 199 



devoted to him. During early mediaeval times the monas 

 teries, serving as centres of instruction, gave some embodi 

 ment to the medical profession, like that which our colleges 

 give. In Italy there later arose institutions mainly for edu 

 cating physicians, as the medical school of Salerno in the 

 9th century. In France before the end of the 13th century 

 the surgeons had become incorporated into a distinct col 

 lege, following, in this way, the incorporated medical facul 

 ty; and while thus integrating themselves they excluded 

 from their class the barbers, who, forbidden to perform 

 operations, were allowed only to dress wounds, &amp;lt;fcc. In our 

 own country there have been successive consolidations. 



The barber-surgeons of London were originally incor 

 porated by Edward IV, and in 1518 the College of Physi 

 cians was founded, and received power to grant licences to 

 practise medicine, a power which had previously been con 

 fined to the bishops. Progress in definiteness of integration 

 was shown when, in Charles Ps time, persons were forbidden 

 to exercise surgery in London and within seven miles, until 

 they had been examined by the Company of Barbers and 

 Surgeons; and also when, by the 18th of George II, exclud 

 ing the barbers, the Royal College of Surgeons was formed. 

 At the same time there have grown up medical schools in 

 various places which prepare students for examination by 

 these incorporated medical bodies: further integrations 

 being thus implied. Hospitals, too, scattered throughout 

 the kingdom, have become places of clinical instruction; 

 some united to colleges and some not. Another species of 

 integration has been achieved by medical journals, weekly 

 and quarterly, which serve to bring into communication 

 educational institutions, incorporated bodies, and the whole 

 profession. 



Two additional facts should be noted before closing the 



chapter. One is the recent differentiation by which certain 



professors of anatomy and physiology have been made into 



professors of biology. In them the study of human life has 



113 



