DANCER AND MUSICIAN. 213 



into secular was commenced in the 12th century by the 

 Minnesingers: u their melodies were founded on the Church 

 scales.&quot; Developed out of them, came the Meistersingers, 

 who usually performed in churches, and &quot; had generally a 

 sacred subject, and their tone was religious.&quot; &quot; One of the 

 first composers who wrote in regular form &quot; was Canon Du- 

 fay, of the Cathedral of Cambrai, who died in 1474. The 

 16th century brought Lassus, who wrote 1300 musical com 

 positions, but whose status is not named; and then, showing 

 a pronounced secularization, we have, in the same century, 

 Philippus de Monte, Canon of Cambrai, who wrote 30 books 

 of madrigals. About that time Luther, too, &quot; arranged the 

 German mass.&quot; In this century arose the distinguished 

 composer Palestrina who, though originally a layman, was 

 elected to priestly functions; and in the 17th century the 

 priest, Allegri, a composer. At later dates lived Carissimi, 

 chapel-master and composer; Scarlatti also maestro di ca- 

 pella. France presently produced Rameau, church-organ 

 ist; and Germany two of its greatest composers Handel 

 first of all capellmeister in Hanover and then in England; 

 and Bach, who was primarily an organist, and who, &quot; deeply 

 religious,&quot; developed &quot; the old Church modes &quot; into mod 

 ern forms.* Among other leading musicians of the 18th 



* Some inquiries respecting the meaning of &quot; capellmeister &quot; which the 

 criticism of a friend led me to make, have resulted not simply in verifying 

 the meaning above given but in incidentally showing how the process of 

 secularization was furthered. Prof. George Hoffman, of Kiel, writes as 

 follows : 



&quot;All these chapelmasters performed the ecclesiastical music at the service 

 of the Church. The internal development of music through introducing 

 many instruments into vocal performances and the solo-singing, and drama 

 tizing music, when influenced by the Greek ideas of the Renaissance, 

 especially since Leo X., contributed much towards the secularization of 

 music. Chapelmasters and singers at the courts composed either kind of 

 music, ecclesiastical as well as secular, and, during the 17th century, the 

 chapelmasters directed as well mass as stage-music (operas), the singing- 

 bodies of princes often serving both purposes. Thus the name chapel and 

 1 chapelmaster by and by accompanied also this secular course.&quot; 



