MAN OF SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHER. 255 



eventually became the centres at once of philosophy and 

 science : the philosophy distinguished as scholasticism being 

 of such kind as consisted with the authorized theology, and 

 the science geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and music 

 being such as did not obviously conflict with it or could be 

 conformed to it. That is to say, alike in their nature and 

 in their agency, the philosophy and science of the time di 

 verged in a relatively small degree from the theology the 

 differentiation was but incipient. And the long continued 

 identification of the cultivators of philosophy and science 

 with the cultivators of theology is seen in the familiar names 

 of the leading scholastics William of Champeaux, Abe- 

 lard, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, &c. To which 

 may be added the notable fact that such independence of 

 theological dogma as was thought to be implied in the doc 

 trine of the Nominalists, was condemned alike by the Pope 

 and by secondary ecclesiastical authorities the differentia 

 tion was slowly effected under resistance. 



In England there was a no less clear identity of the priest 

 with the philosopher and the man of science. In his account 

 of the Saxon clergy Kemble writes: 



&quot;They were honourably distinguished by the possession of arts and 

 learning, which could be found in no other class. ... To them Eng 

 land owed the more accurate calculations which enabled the divisions 

 of times and seasons to be duly settled. 1 



The first illustration is furnished by Bede, a monk who, 

 besides works of other kinds, wrote a work on The Nature 

 of Things in which the scientific knowledge of his day was 

 gathered up. Next may be named Dicuil, an Irish monk 

 and writer on geography. And then comes Archbishop 

 Dunstan : 



&quot;He was very well skilled in most of the liberal arts, and among 

 the rest in refining metals and forging them ; which being qualifica 

 tions much above the genius of the age he lived in, first gained him 

 the name of a conjurer, and then of a saint.&quot; 

 Though, soon after the Conquest, there lived two culti 

 vators of science who seemed not to have been clerical 



