MAN OF SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHER. 257 



clerical class was the one to which mental culture of all 

 kinds, inclusive of the scientific and philosophical kinds, was 

 limited. 



691. To trace the stages by which has been gradually 

 effected the differentiation of the scientifico-philosophical 

 class from the clerical class is not here requisite. It will 

 suffice to note the leading characters of the change, and the 

 state now reached. 



The first broad fact to be observed is that the great body 

 of doctrine distinguished by being based on reason instead 

 of authority, has divided into a concrete part and an ab 

 stract part; with the result of generating two different 

 classes of cultivators the man of science and the philoso 

 pher. In the ancient East the distinction between the two 

 was vague. Among the Greeks, from Thales onwards, the 

 thinker was one who studied physical facts and drew his 

 general conceptions from them. Even on coming to Aris 

 totle we see in the same man the union of scientific inquiry 

 and philosophical speculation. So all through the develop 

 ment of knowledge in Europe, down to the time of Newton, 

 when the use of the term &quot; natural philosophy &quot; for physi 

 cal science implies an indefinite distinction between the two. 

 But now the distinction has become tolerably definite 

 quite definite in Germany and in large measure definite here. 

 The philosopher does not enter upon scientific investiga 

 tions and often knows little about scientific truths; while, 

 conversely, the man of science, of whatever class, is little 

 given to philosophical speculation, and is commonly unin 

 formed about the philosophical conclusions held by this or 

 that school. How distinct the two classes have become is 

 implied by the contempt not unfrequently expressed by each 

 for the other. 



Simultaneously there has progressed a separation within 

 the body of scientific men into those who respectively deal 

 with the inorganic and the organic. Nowadays men who 



