258 PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



occupy themselves with mathematical, physical, and chemi 

 cal investigations are generally ignorant of biology; while 

 men who spend their lives in studying the phenomena of 

 life, under one or other of its aspects, are often without in 

 terest in the truths constituting the exact sciences. Between 

 animate and inanimate things there is a marked contrast, 

 and there has come to be a marked division between the 

 students of the two groups. 



Yet a further transformation of the same nature has been 

 going on. Within each of these groups differentiations and 

 sub-differentiations have been taking place. The biologists 

 have divided themselves primarily into those who study 

 plant-life and those who study animal-life the phytologists 

 (commonly called botanists) and the zoologists. In each 

 of these great divisions there have been established large 

 sub-divisions: in the one those who devote themselves to 

 the classification of species, those who treat of plant-mor 

 phology, those who treat of plant-physiology; and in the 

 other the classifiers, the comparative anatomists, the animal- 

 physiologists. More restricted specializations have arisen. 

 Among botanists there are some who study almost exclu 

 sively this or that order; among physiologists, some who 

 commonly take one class of function for their province, 

 and among zoologists there are first of all the divisions 

 into those who are professed entomologists, ornithologists, 

 ichthyologists, &c., and again within each of these are 

 smaller groups, as among the entomologists, those who study 

 more especially the coleoptera, the lepidoptera, the hyme- 

 noptera, &c. 



Respecting these major and minor differentiations it has 

 only further to be remarked that though the prosecution of 

 science as a whole is not called a profession (the whole being 

 too extensive and heterogenous), yet the prosecution of this 

 or that part of it has come to be thus distinguished. We 

 have &quot; professors &quot; of various divisions and sub-divisions of 

 it; and this implies that the bread-winning pursuit of sci^ 



