CHAPTER VII. 



JUDGE AND LAWYER. 



693. In the preceding division of this work, and more 

 particularly in 529, it was shown that in early societies 

 such regulation of conduct as is effected by custom, and 

 afterwards by that hardened form of custom called law, 

 originates in the expressed or implied wills of ancestors 

 primarily those of the undistinguished dead, and secondarily 

 those of the distinguished dead. Regard for the wishes of 

 deceased relatives greatly influences actions among our 

 selves, and it influences them far more among savage and 

 semi-civilized peoples ; because such peoples think that the 

 spirits of the deceased are either constantly at hand or occa 

 sionally return, and in either case will, if made angry, punish 

 the survivors by disease or misfortune. When, in the course 

 of social development, there arise chiefs of unusual power, 

 or conquering kings, the belief that their ghosts will wreak 

 terrible vengeance on those who disregard their injunctions 

 becomes a still more potent controlling agency; so that to 

 regulation of conduct by customs inherited from ancestors 

 at large, and ordinarily enforced by the living ruler, there 

 comes to be added regulation by the transmitted commands 

 of the dead ruler. 



Hence originates that early conception of law which long 

 continues with slowly increasing modification, and which, 

 in our day, still survives in those who hold that Right means 



&quot; that which is ordered &quot;-firstly, by a revelation from God, 



&quot; 



