202 PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



The differentiation of the architect from the priest is im 

 plied in the following further quotation from Lacroix : 



&quot;It was, moreover, at this period [of transition from Norman to 

 Gothic] that architecture, like all the other arts, left the monasteries 

 to pass into the hands of lay architects organised into confraterni 

 ties.&quot; 



Similar is the statement of Viollet-le-Duc, who, observing 

 that in the 13th century the architect appears as an indi 

 vidual, and as a layman, says that about the beginning of it 

 &quot; we see a bishop of Amiens . . . charging a lay architect, 

 Robert le Luzarches, with the building of a great cathedral. &quot; 

 A curious evidence of the transition may be added. 



&quot;Raphael, in one of his letters, states that the Pope (Leo X.) had 

 appointed an aged friar to assist him in conducting the building of St. 

 Peter s; and intimates that he expected to learn some secrets in 

 architecture from his experienced colleague.&quot; 



Passing to our own country we find Kemble, in The 

 Saxons in England, remarking of the monks that 

 &quot;painting, sculpture and architecture were made familiar through 

 their efforts, and the best examples of these civilizing arts were 

 furnished by their churches and monasteries.&quot; 



In harmony with this statement is that of Eccleston. 



&quot; To Wilfrid of York and Benedict Biscop, Abbot of Wearmouth in 

 the 7th century, the introduction of an improved style of architecture 

 is due ; and under their direction several churches and monasteries 

 were built with unusual splendour. &quot; 



And afterwards, speaking of the buildings of the Normans 

 and of their designers, he says of the latter 



&quot;Amongst the foremost appeared the bishops and other ecclesiastics, 

 whose architectural skill was generally not less effective than their 

 well bestowed riches.&quot; 



How the transition from the clerical to the lay architect took 

 place is not shown; but it is probable that, eventually, the 

 clerical architect limited himself to the general character of 

 the edifice, leaving the constructive part to the master- 

 builder, from whom has descended the professional archi 

 tect. 



