SCULPTOR. 301 



The contempt felt by the Romans for every other occupa 

 tion than the military, and the consequent contempt for art 

 and artists imported from conquered peoples, resulted in 

 the fact that in the time of the Caesars sculptors and painters 

 &quot; were generally either slaves or freedmen.&quot; Probably the 

 only concern the priests had with sculpture was when pre 

 scribing the mode in which this or that god should be repre 

 sented. 



713. Such records as have come down to us from early 

 Christian times illustrate the general law of evolution in the 

 respect that they show how little the arts of design were at 

 first specialized. It has been often remarked that in days 

 comparatively modern separation of the various kinds of 

 mental activity was much less marked than it has since 

 become : instance the fact that Leonardo da Yinci was man 

 of science as well as artist; instance the fact that Michael 

 Angelo was at once poet, architect, sculptor and painter. 

 This union of functions in the plastic arts seems to have 

 been still more the rule in preceding ages. Evidence about 

 the sculptors 7 art is mingled with evidence about kindred 

 arts. Says Emeric-David &quot; The same masters were gold 

 smiths, architects, painters, sculptors, and sometimes poets, 

 as well as being abbots or even bishops.&quot; Of the Gallo- 

 Francs we are told by Challamel and others that the chief 

 industrial art was gold-working, the great schools of which 

 were certain monasteries; that the great artists in it were 

 monks, and their products ecclesiastical plate, vestments and 

 decorations, funeral monuments, &c. And in the last part 

 of which statement we see the implication that the sculptur 

 ing of figures on monuments was a priestly occupation. 

 This is also implied by the statement of Emeric-David that 

 in the 10th century Hugues, monk of Monstier-en-Der, was 

 painter and statuary. Further proof that miscellaneous 

 art-works were carried on by the clerical class is given by 

 Lacroix and Sere, who say that early in the llth century a 



