302 PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



monk, named Odoram, executed shrines and crucifixes in 

 gold and silver and precious stones. In the middle of the 

 12th century another monk, Theophilus, was at once painter 

 of manuscripts, glass-stainer, and enamelling goldsmith. 



Concerning these relationships in England during early 

 days, I find no evidence. The first relevant statements refer 

 to times in which the plastic arts, which no doubt were all 

 along shared in by those lay-assistants who did the rough 

 work under clerical direction such as chiselling out monu 

 ments in the rough according to order had lapsed entirely 

 into the hands of these lay-assistants. They having been in 

 the preceding times nothing but skilful artisans, their work, 

 when it came to be monopolized by them, was for a long 

 time regarded as artisan-work. Hence the statement that 



&quot;Previously to the reign of Charles I the sculptor seems hardly to 

 have been considered an artist.&quot; &quot; Nicholas Stone was the sculptor 

 most in vogue. He was master-mason to the king. &quot; 



I may add that in early days, monks St. Dunstan being an 

 example occupied themselves in executing the details of 

 ecclesiastical buildings the foliations of windows, screens, 

 and the like. It is said that when sculpturing the heads used 

 for gargoyles, they sometimes amused themselves by carica 

 turing one another. 



714. Recent stages in the development of sculpture are 

 not easy to trace. But there seems to have occurred in 

 modern times a process parallel to that which we saw oc 

 curred in Greece. During the first stages in the seculariza 

 tion of his business the carver of marble carried with him 

 the character previously established he was a superior 

 artisan. Only in course of time, as his skill was employed 

 for other than sacred purposes, did he become independent 

 and begin to gain reputation as an artist. And his position 

 has risen along with the devotion of his efforts more and 

 more to subjects unconnected with religion. 



Let it be observed, however, that even still sculpture 



