EVOLUTION OF THE PROFESSIONS. 321 



architect, physician,&quot; there are joined in the same individ 

 ual, or group of individuals, the potentialities out of which 

 gradually arise the specialized groups we know as profes 

 sions. While out of the one primitive class there come by 

 progressive divergences many classes, each of these classes 

 itself undergoes a kindred change: there are formed in it 

 subdivisions and even sub-subdivisions, which become grad 

 ually more marked; so that, throughout, the advance is 

 from an indefinite homogeneity to a definite heterogeneity. 



723. In presence of the fact that the immense majority 

 of mankind adhere pertinaciously to the creeds, political 

 and religious, in which they were brought up; and in pres 

 ence of the further fact that on behalf of their creeds, how 

 ever acquired, there are soon enlisted prejudices which prac 

 tically shut out adverse evidence ; it is not to be expected that 

 the foregoing illustrations, even joined with kindred illus 

 trations previously given, will make them see that society 

 is a growth and not a manufacture, and has its laws of evolu 

 tion. 



From prime ministers down to plough-boys there is either 

 ignorance or disregard of the truth that nations acquire their 

 vital structures by natural processes and not by artificial 

 devices. If the belief is not that social arrangements have 

 been divinely ordered thus or thus, then it is that they have 

 been made thus or thus by kings, or if not by kings then by 

 parliaments. That they have come about by small accumu 

 lated changes not contemplated by rulers, is an open secret 

 which only of late has been recognized by a few and is still 

 unperceived by the many educated as well as uneducated. 

 Though the turning of the land into a food-producing sur 

 face, cleared, fenced, drained, and covered with farming 

 appliances, has been achieved by men working for indi 

 vidual profit not by legislative direction though villages, 

 towns, cities, have insensibly grown up under the desires 

 of men to satisfy their wants though by spontaneous eo- 



