322 PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



operation of citizens have been formed canals, railways, 

 telegraphs, and other means of communication and distribu 

 tion ; the natural forces which have done all this are ignored 

 as of no account in political thinking. Our immense manu 

 facturing system with its multitudinous inventions, supply 

 ing both home and foreign consumers, and the immense 

 mercantile marine by which its products are taken all over 

 the globe and other products brought back, have naturally 

 and not artificially originated. That transformation by 

 which, in thousands of years, men s occupations have been 

 so specialized that each, aiding to satisfy some small division 

 of his fellow citizen s needs has his own needs satisfied by 

 the work of hundreds of others, has taken place without 

 design and unobserved. Knowledge developing into sci 

 ence, which has become so vast in mass that no one can grasp 

 a tithe of it, and which now guides productive activities at 

 large, has resulted from the workings of individuals 

 prompted not by the ruling agency but by their own inclina 

 tions. So, too, has been created the still vaster mass distin 

 guished as literature, yielding the gratifications filling so 

 large a space in our lives. Nor is it otherwise with the lit 

 erature of the hour. That ubiquitous journalism which 

 provides satisfactions for men s more urgent mental wants, 

 has resulted from the activities of citizens severally pur 

 suing private benefits. And supplementing these come the 

 innumerable companies, associations, unions, societies, 

 clubs, subserving enterprise, philanthropy, culture, art, 

 amusement; as well as the multitudinous institutions an 

 nually receiving millions by endowments and subscriptions : 

 all of them arising from the unforced co-operations of citi 

 zens. And yet so hypnotized are nearly all by fixedly con 

 templating the doings of ministers and parliaments, that 

 they have no eyes for this marvellous organization which 

 has been growing for thousands of years without govern 

 mental help nay, indeed, in spite of governmental hin 

 drances. For in agriculture, manufactures, commerce, 



