INTRODUCTORY. 329 



pieces for saws, leaf -shaped blades, and what were apparently 

 lance-heads. During the subsequent neolithic period the 

 development of tools, beginning with some that were almost 

 equally archaic, was carried, doubtless by a higher type of 

 man, to a higher stage. Hatchets with ground edges, and 

 then others ground all over, were made ; and presently came 

 implements through which holes were bored to facilitate 

 attachment to handles. Inspection of one of the finished 

 arrow-heads show that a considerable step had been made - 

 the use of tools to produce tools. This progress, having 

 simultaneously given the ability to shape pieces of wood 

 effectually, made possible such large cutting implements as 

 adzes. It needs but to consider the acts required for hollow 

 ing out a canoe from the trunk of a tree, to see what ad 

 vances must have been made before even this simple appli 

 ance for traversing the water could be produced. 



From contemplation of such archeological evidence may 

 be gained an idea of the immense difficulties which, through 

 out a vast period, impeded advance in the arts; and even in 

 these early stages we may see how much the progress was 

 aided by that which we shall find to be its chief factor the 

 cooperation of appliances. 



724. By what steps the hunting stage advanced into the 

 pastoral stage w r e are not likely ever to know. Domestica 

 tion of herbivorous animals must have been a long process. 

 Only when the numbers reared yielded their owners a sub 

 sistence better than that obtained by catching wild creatures 

 and gathering wild fruits, could there arise that form of 

 social aggregation which has so widely prevailed in Asia, and 

 which has been so influential in initiating the structures and 

 habits of most civilized societies. 



Beyond difficulties which the pastoral type encountered at 

 the outset, difficulties ever continued to beset it. To find 

 food for herds was a problem daily presented afresh, and 

 necessitating perpetual migrations. Droughts, entailing 



