330 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



losses of stock, doubtless often prompted abandonment of 

 the pastoral life and return to the hunting life. Discourage 

 ments must have frequently resulted from inability to find 

 adequate supplies of water for flocks and herds. Unceasing 

 care in shepherding was a heavy tax. Predacious beasts, 

 sometimes stealthily approaching by day and having always 

 to be guarded against at night, caused serious losses 

 notwithstanding constant labour. And beyond enemies of 

 large kinds there were small enemies to be contended with 

 the various parasites, internal and external, and the swarms 

 of flies, from which at certain seasons it was needful to 

 escape, as in our own times the Kalmucks escape with their 

 cattle to the mountains. 



In addition to the brute enemies there were the human 

 enemies. Between men who took to a pastoral life and the 

 hunting tribes they had left, chronic enmity must have 

 grown up, and inroads upon herds must have been frequent. 

 Then there presently arose conflicts between the pastoral 

 tribes themselves. The strife between the dependents of 

 Abraham and those of Lot, growing out of rival claims to 

 pasturage, illustrates this evil. ISTot only must there have 

 been fights about feeding grounds but also about thefts of 

 cattle ; as there are now among South African tribes, and as 

 indeed there were among ourselves on the Scottish border- 

 not many generations ago. 



Beyond general resistances to progress thus entailed, there 

 have been in some cases special resistances akin to them. 

 The adoption of a higher form of social life by one people 

 engenders enmity in adjacent peoples who adhere to the old. 

 The story of Cain and Abel, described as &quot; tiller of the 

 ground &quot; and &quot; keeper of sheep &quot; (but who cannot be re 

 garded as actual persons, since Adam was not in a condition 

 for suddenly establishing his sons in arable farming and 

 stockkeeping), evidently refers to leaders of tribes between 

 which there arose a feud, because men of the one turned to 

 agricultural purposes lands which men of the other claimed 



