332 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



ently in imitation of the whites), to grow corn, beans, and 

 pumpkins. The Mandans, too, did not live exclusively on 

 wild food, but raised &quot; corn and some pumpkins and 

 squashes.&quot; Above all the Iroquois, the most civilized in 

 their political organization as in their habits of life, had a 

 considerably developed agriculture, for which, judging by 

 their traditions, they were not indebted to Europeans. Mor 

 gan, describing a village enclosure, says : 



&quot;Around it was the village field, consisting, oftentimes, of several 

 hundred acres of cultivated land, which was subdivided into planting 

 lots; those belonging to different families being bounded by uncul 

 tivated ridges.&quot; 

 He tells us in another place that : 



&quot; Corn [maize] has ever been the staple article of consumption among 

 the Iroquois. They cultivated this plant, and also the bean and the 

 squash, before the formation of the League.&quot; 



South America supplies like contrasts. Apibones and 

 Patagonians maintain themselves on wild food only; but 

 artificial products are used by the Guiana tribes, the Bra 

 zilian tribes, and others : different degrees of progress being 

 shown by them. Of the Tupis we read: 



&quot; The native mode of cultivating it [the soil] was rude and summary ; 

 they cut down the trees, let them lie till they were dry enough to burn, 

 and then planted the mandioc between the stumps. &quot; 

 The like is said of the Guiana Indians; while of the 

 Mundrucus it is said by Bates that &quot; They make very large 

 plantations of mandioca, and sell the surplus produce.&quot; So, 

 too, Wallace writes concerning the Uaupes: 



&quot;They are an agricultural people, having a permanent abode, and 

 cultivating mandiocca, sugar-cane, sweet potatoes, carra, or yam, 

 pupunha palms, cocura (a fruit like grapes), pine-apples, maize, uructi 

 or arnotto, plantains and bananas, abios, cashews, ingas, peppers, 

 tobacco, and plants for dyes and cordage.&quot; 



Thus, keeping of animals has not everywhere preceded 

 agriculture. In the West considerable civilizations arose 

 which gave no sign of having had a pastoral origin. Ancient 

 Mexicans and Central Americans carried on crop-raising 



