SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR. 341 



the instruction and gratification by furnishing the needful 

 appliances. 



Another explanation must be added. Mental and bodily 

 activities are mingled throughout all occupations. When 

 we have excluded the activities of the political, religious, and 

 administrative agencies as well as the activities of the pro 

 fessions, which are all essentially mental, there still remain 

 among mental activities those by which the processes of pro 

 duction and distribution are regulated. The manufacturer 

 with his superior employees, the merchant with his heads of 

 departments and their clerks, are men whose exertions, 

 though not commonly called labours, have to be here in 

 cluded ; since they are among the functions of the organiza 

 tion by which production, distribution, and exchange are 

 carried on. 



729. Wherever individuals join their actions for a com 

 mon end that is not absolutely simple, some division of labour 

 spontaneously arises. We see this even in such a transitory 

 incident as a picnic. Immediately a spot for the repast has 

 been decided on, some begin to unpack the hampers, others 

 to collect fern for sitting upon, and presently, while the 

 ladies lay the cloth and arrange the knives and forks, one 

 of the gentlemen fetches water from a spring and another 

 takes down the wine to be cooled in the neighbouring stream. 

 Every one feels that confusion would result if all did the 

 same thing, and without direction they promptly undertake 

 different things. 



The necessity of dividing any total work into parts, is, in 

 deed, illustrated in the actions of a single person. Suppose a 

 clerk is set to wrap up, and address, many copies of a 

 pamphlet. If, pursuing an unmethodic course, he first cuts 

 out one piece of wrapping paper, then lays down the knife, 

 takes a pamphlet and folds it up, then seizes the paste-brush 

 and fastens the wrapper, then puts back the brush and, look 

 ing at the address-book, dips his pen and writes, it is clear 



