INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



that before he has finished he will have wasted much time 

 and energy in these changes of occupation and changes of 

 implements. If he is business-like he will first cut all the 

 wrappers required, next he will address them all, then 

 arranging a score or more one over another so as to expose 

 the edge of each, he will wet with paste the whole number 

 at once. In succession he will place each pamphlet so 

 as to bring the ready-pasted edge of a wrapper into a fit 

 position, and will turn the pamphlet over and fix it. Finally 

 he will put on the stamps and tie up into parcels. From 

 this individual division of labour to social division of labour 

 the transition is obvious. For if, instead of being performed 

 one after another by a single person, each of these processes 

 is performed by a different person, we have a division of 

 labour as ordinarily understood. 



But beyond the immediate advantage gained when an 

 individual divides his work into separate parts, or when a 

 number of individuals divide the separate parts among them, 

 there is, in this last case, a remoter advantage gained of great 

 importance. When each of the cooperating individuals has 

 his powers devoted to one process, he acquires by practice 

 such skill that he executes his portion of the total work far 

 more rapidly and effectually than it can be executed by one 

 who undertakes all the portions. 



Carrying with us these illustrations we are now prepared 

 to study the division of labour as naturally arising in a soci 

 ety. There are several determining factors which we will 

 consider in succession. 



730. The natural selection of occupations has for its 

 primary cause certain original differences between individ 

 uals, partly physical, partly psychical. Let us for brevity s 

 sake call this the physio-psychological cause. 



The most familiar and most marked example is that which 

 accompanies difference of sex. Certain apportionments of 

 occupations, fit respectively for men and women, we find all 



