SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR. 345 



labour between the sexes becomes humane in its character: 

 the men do the heavy, outdoor work, and the women the 

 light, indoor work. &quot;When treating of Domestic Institutions 

 this contrast was indicated ( 327-9). In the Bodo and 

 Dhimals tribes, while the men clear the fields, till the 

 ground, make the houses 



&quot; The women, aided by the girls, are fully employed within doors in 

 spinning, weaving and dyeing the clothing of the family, in brewing, 

 and in cooking.&quot; 



Similarly of another hill-tribe, the peaceful Santals, we 

 read 



&quot; The male children plough, herd the cattle, reap the harvest, build 

 and repair the family houses, make the carts and ploughs ; distil the 

 spirit Puchui from rice, and perform all outdoor work ; whilst the 

 female children husk the junera and rice ; express oil from the mustard 

 seed, cook the household food, attend the markets when near one, look 

 after the poultry, pigs, goats, and pigeons ; and when the parents are 

 old and infirm the children become their support.&quot; 

 Of the Todas, too, equally unwarlike, the same is said by 

 Shortt. The wives &quot; are left at home to perform what Eu 

 ropean wives consider their legitimate share of duty, and 

 do not even step out of doors to fetch water or wood.&quot; So 

 is it too with a remote people, the Pueblos of North America, 

 who &quot; wall out black barbarism &quot; by the structure of their 

 compound village-dwellings, and who lead purely agricul 

 tural lives. Says Morgan: &quot; It is now the rule among the 

 Village-Indians for the men to assume the heavy work, 

 which was doubtless the case when this pueblo was con 

 structed.&quot; 



These striking contrasts exhibited by the uncivilized, re 

 mind us that kindred contrasts exist among the civilized. 

 Where, as in Germany and France, the militant organization 

 is highly developed, the outdoor labor which falls upon 

 women is heavy and constant, while in England and Ameri 

 ca, less militant in their types of organization, it is small in 

 amount and light in kind. 



Manifestly these contrasts arise inevitably. While the 



