SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR. 347 



Dutt furnishes an illustrative fact: &quot; The Aryan Vaisyas 

 followed different trades and professions in Ancient India, 

 without forming separate castes; they were scribes and 

 physicians, goldsmiths and blacksmiths, &c. : &quot; all these 

 occupations of relatively skilled kinds having fallen into the 

 hands of the most intelligent. 



Beyond assumptions of certain industries by individuals 

 having natural aptitudes for them, there are sometimes kin 

 dred assumptions by entire sections of a society. Garcilasso, 

 writing about Peru, says that 



&quot; The fine cloth was made in the provinces, where the natives were 

 most expert and handy in its manufacture, and the coarse kind was 

 wove in districts where the natives had less skill.&quot; 



And Cieza tells us, concerning a division of the same people, 

 that the Canches are &quot; always skilful in working, especially 

 gold and silver.&quot; Local specializations of industry, similarly 

 caused, exist in the Fiji Islands. Some of them &quot; are famous 

 for such things as wooden trenchers, paddles, canoes, &c., 

 others for tapa, sinnet, mats, baskets, &c. ; and others for 

 pots, fishing nets, turmeric, and i loa (lamp-black). &quot; 



There may be added, as of like nature, those larger spe 

 cializations of function which arise between nations. These 

 are exemplified by the aptitude of the English people for a 

 maritime life. 



Next to be noted among the divisions of labour due to 

 psycho-physical characters, comes the relegation of inferior 

 occupations to servile classes. This sometimes begins apart 

 from coercion. Concerning certain of the Japanese, who 

 kill and flay horses, Adams writes : 



&quot;There were also two sets of people even below these [farmers, &c.] 

 in the social scale, the eta and the hinin. The eta were a class of out 

 casts, living in separate villages or settlements apart from the general 

 population, with whom they were not allowed to intermarry. Their 

 means of livelihood consisted in working skins, and converting them 

 into leather. Working in prepared leather was not considered a pollu 

 tion, but it was the handling of the raw hides which was deemed to 

 be such.&quot; 



