SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR. 349 



The merchant imported his wares in vessels of his own under the 

 charge of slaves or freedmen, and disposed of them by the same means 

 in wholesale or retail. We need hardly add that the working of 

 mines and manufactories was conducted entirely by slaves.&quot; 



Hence, concerning the psycho-physical factor in the di 

 vision of labour, we must say that when allowed free scope 

 it produces beneficial specializations, but that its effects are 

 so traversed by the effects of other factors that little which 

 is definite c&quot;an be said about its share in organizing industry. 



732. Much more definite results may be rightly ascribed 

 to the character of the environment. These we will con 

 template under the head of the topical division of labour. 



In quite rude societies differentiations caused by sur 

 rounding circumstances begin. There are &quot; two branches 

 of the Ostiaks, the hunters and the fishers: &quot; the last living 

 on the banks of the Obi, and the others elsewhere. Mani 

 festly sea-fishing is determined even in undeveloped com 

 munities by proximity, and originates settled industries. 

 Thus &quot; many of the [Society] islanders are fishermen by 

 profession.&quot; Other such natural necessities influence the 

 slightly civilized as well as the civilized. Among the Chib- 

 chas &quot;the Poyras [or Yapotoges, on the banks of the Neyba] 

 were great miners, as in their country there were many 

 veins of gold.&quot; In Mexico 



&quot; An extensive commerce is carried on in this salt (saltpetre, gath 

 ered on the surface of the ground) by the Mexicans of Yxtapaluca 

 and Yxtapalapa, which means the places where salt or yxtatl is gath 

 ered; and at this day the people of Yxtapalapa are thus occupied.&quot; 



So, too, in Peru 



&quot;The shoes were made in the provinces where aloes were most 

 abundant, for they were made of the leaves of a tree called maguey. 

 The arms also were supplied by the provinces where the materials for 

 making them were most abundant.&quot; 



Of ancient peoples, the Phoenicians may be named as fur 

 nishing an example. 



