SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR. 351 



The environing influences which thus initiate differentia 

 tions among the parts of the social organism, are often irre 

 sistible. It needs but to ask what would result from the 

 attempt to grow wheat on Scotch mountain sides, where 

 sheep-farming is carried on, or to transfer the getting of tin 

 from Cornwall to Lincolnshire, to see how necessarily some 

 topical divisions of labour arise. 



733. To use for the next division of the subject the title 

 local division of labour seems absurd, since a topical division 

 is a local division. The word &quot; local,&quot; however, as here to be 

 employed, refers to the division of labour within the same 

 locality; whereas &quot; topical &quot; refers to division of labour be 

 tween different localities. There seems no fit word available 

 for marking this distinction, and I feel obliged to use the 

 word local in the sense named. 



Already, when enumerating the separate duties under 

 taken by men and women in various places, there has been 

 an indication of the truth that local division of labour origi 

 nates among the members of each household. As Bogle 

 says of the people of Bhutan, &quot; every family is acquainted 

 with most of the useful arts, and contains within itself almost 

 all the necessaries of life.&quot; And this state generally char 

 acterizes early stages. 



The transition to a more differentiated state is first shown 

 by the rise of some who practise one or other art with greater 

 skill than usual. Writing about Negroes, Duff Macdonald 

 says that near Blantyre &quot; the worker-in-wood has hardly a 

 distinct trade. Nearly every man does his own wood-work.&quot; 

 But partial division of labour is shown among these people 

 in other ways. The same writer tells us that 



&quot; The chief method of obtaining a livelihood is by cultivating the 

 soil. Near a lake abounding with fishes, the cultivation of the soil, 

 though not abandoned, may take a secondary place.&quot; 



And he also says that the blacksmith &quot; does not live so 

 exclusively by his trade that he can neglect his farm.&quot; 



