352 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



Somewhat more advanced is the specialization implied in the 

 case of Tahiti. 



&quot;Most of the natives can hollow out a buhoe, but it is only those 

 who have been regularly trained to the work, that can build a large 

 canoe, and in this there is a considerable division of labour.&quot; 



Such first steps are obviously inevitable. Always there 

 will be some having special aptitudes for particular arts; 

 always it will happen that the amount of work given them 

 as pursuers of such arts will at the outset not suffice to yield 

 them livelihoods without carrying on as well the ordinary 

 occupation ; and always it will happen that in proportion as 

 population grows and the demands on them increase, it will 

 become possible and advantageous to devote themselves ex 

 clusively to such arts. 



Other things equal, the extent to which local division 

 of labour is carried is determined by the degree of isola 

 tion of the group isolation caused now by distance 

 from other groups, now by enmity with other groups, 

 and now by both. Economic independence wa w r ell illus 

 trated in mediaeval days by the monasteries. Says Dr. 

 Jessopp : 



&quot;Everything that was eaten or drunk or worn, almost everything 

 that was made or used in a monastery, was produced upon the spot. 

 The grain grew on their own land ; the corn was ground in their own 

 mill; their clothes were made from the wool of their own sheep; they 

 had their own tailors and shoemakers, and carpenters and blacksmiths, 

 almost within call ; they kept their own bees ; they grew their own 

 garden-stuff and their own fruit; I suspect they knew more of fish- 

 culture than, until very lately, we moderns could boast of knowing ; 

 nay, they had their own vineyards and made their own wine.&quot; 

 Industrial autonomy was similarly exemplified in those times 

 by feudal territories and residences. In France at the end 

 of the ninth century, as a result of nascent feudalism and 

 isolation of the seigneuries, distribution of commodities was 

 arrested: &quot;every one made for himself, or had made for 

 him by his people, clothes . . . and arms.&quot; And during 

 the early feudal period up to 1190 



