SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR. 355 



each particular thing, one art alone suffices for the maintenance of each 

 individual; and frequently indeed, not an entire art, but one man makes 

 shoes for men, and another for women ; sometimes it happens, that 

 one gets a maintenance merely by stitching shoes, another by cutting 

 them out, another by cutting oat upper- leathers (xiT&vas) only, and 

 another by doing none of these things, but simply putting together the 

 pieces. He, therefore, that is employed in a work of the smallest 

 compass, must, of necessity, do it best.&quot; 



From ancient Rome comes proof of a kindred difference 

 between the industrial arrangements of early and late times. 

 Says Mommsen: 



&quot;Eight guilds of craftsmen were numbered among the institutions 

 of king Numa, that is, among the institutions that had existed in Rome 

 from time immemorial. These were the flute- blowers, the goldsmiths, 

 the coppersmiths, the carpenters, the fullers, the dyers, the potters, and 

 the shoemakers.&quot; 



But in late times instead of eight specialized trades there are 

 enumerated sixty, mostly carried on by Greeks. Coming 

 down to modern nations it will suffice to name France, where 

 in the early feudal period (llth and 12th centuries) 76 oc 

 cupations were enumerated, whereas at the end of the 16th 

 century the number had risen to 170. 



The local division of labour subserves the topical division 

 of labour. Any large section of the community favour 

 ably circumstanced for carrying on a particular industry, 

 can devote itself to that industry only on condition that 

 there shall be joined with it a cluster of workers and traders 

 who satisfy the wants of those devoted to this particular 

 industry. If Sheffield fashions knives, Lancashire weaves 

 cottons, Yorkshire manufactures woollens, there requires in 

 each case a local development of the various trades and pro 

 fessions which minister to the artisans, &c., who make hard 

 ware, calicoes, or woollens. 



And here let us observe an instructive parallel between 

 the sociological division of labour and the physiological 

 division of labour. Already in Part II, &quot; The Inductions of 

 Sociology &quot; ( 216-19), various parallels have been named, 



