356 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



and here is another. For in the individual body as in the 

 body politic, the condition under which alone any organ can 

 devote itself to its special function, is that it shall be per 

 meated by systems of sustaining, depurating, and stimulat 

 ing appliances. Be it a muscle or nerve-centre, be it the 

 lungs or intestines, be it the liver, the kidneys, or the pan 

 creas, there ramifies throughout it a set of arteries, arterioles, 

 capillaries, a set of smaller and larger veins, a set of absor 

 bents, a set of nerve-fibres, and a general framework of con 

 nective tissue keeping its components in place. That the 

 groups of nerve-cells or bile-cells or kidney-cells should 

 perform their parts in the topical division of labour, they 

 must all have, ramifying through them, the various agencies 

 for carrying on nutrition, for supplying material to be 

 operated on, for carrying away products, and for stimulation. 



734. We have contemplated the topical division of 

 labour and the local division of labour. There remains the 

 detailed division of labour that which arises within each 

 producing or distributing establishment. This it is which we 

 commonly think of when the phrase is used. 



Specializations thus distinguished make their appearance 

 in comparatively early stages. Says Burton in his Abeo- 

 Jcuta : 



&quot; Africans, like Asiatics, are great at division of labour,&quot; in building 

 a house, for instance. &quot; Some hoed a deep hole . . . Another gang 

 was working the clay . . . ; whilst a third party was engaged in pre 

 paring grass thatch and palm leaves for the roof. When the actual 

 building begins there will be one gang to carry clay balls to the scene 

 of action, a second of labourers who fling the same balls into wall 

 shape and pat them down, a third, boys and girls, who hand other 

 balls from the ground or the scaffolding to the masons above, a trim 

 mer to plumb and set things square with his wooden shovel, and 

 finally thatchers to finish off.&quot; 



The growth of that division of labour which ends in pro 

 ducing a commodity, our own early history sufficiently illus 

 trates. In the middle of the 16th century 



