SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR. 357 



&quot; Several distinct classes of workmen were employed in the making 

 of cloth. There were weavers, walkers, fullers, fulling-mill men, shear 

 men, dyers, forcers of wool, carders, and sorters of wool, and spinners, 

 carders and spullars of yarn.&quot; 



And how these subdivisions gradually multiply is shown in 

 the fact that even fifty years ago the classes of operatives 

 engaged in the woollen manufacture had increased from 

 the twelve above named to double that number. 



But no adequate conception of this detailed division of 

 labour can be formed so long as we contemplate only the 

 manual labourers , and leave out of sight the mental labour 

 ers who direct them. In an undeveloped industry the 

 maker of a commodity is at once brain-worker and hand 

 worker; but in a developed industry brain-work and hand 

 work have separated, and while hand-work has become 

 greatly sub-divided, brain-work also has become greatly 

 sub-divided. Here, as given to me by a friend who is partner 

 in a manufacturing establishment at Birmingham, is a 

 sketch of its organization. In the regulative division the 

 first class includes only the heads of the firm, of whom one 

 is chief. In the next class stand the engineering superior, 

 works manager, head of estimate department, head of cash 

 department, head of finished warehouse. Then comes the 

 third class of brain-workers, who are women invoice clerk, 

 storekeeper, and assistant in cash department. Next are 

 two intermediaries between head and hands foreman of 

 casting department and foreman-fitter or engineering me 

 chanic, who both have subordinates aiding in their func 

 tions. From these regulative classes we descend to the opera 

 tive classes; and of these there are eleven kinds in the first 

 grade, nine kinds in the second grade, and seven kinds in the 

 third grade. Thus there are eight kinds of brain-workers, 

 four kinds of half -brain and half hand-workers, and twenty- 

 seven kinds of hand-workers. 



Limiting our further attention to the operative parts of 

 industrial establishments, we may fitly distinguish between 



