358 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



two leading forms of the division of labour exhibited in 

 them the simultaneous and the successive. There are 

 cases in which the different parts of some ultimate product 

 are being at the same time formed by different groups of 

 artisans, to be afterwards joined together by yet other 

 artisans; and there are cases in which the ultimate product 

 passes from hand to hand through a series of operatives, 

 each of whom works upon it his or her particular modifica 

 tion. Let us look at an example of each kind. 



The superintendent of the Midland Railway works at 

 Derby, has furnished me with an account of the different 

 classes of men engaged in producing the component parts of 

 locomotive engines. It is needless to give their names and 

 special functions. The fact which here concerns us is that 

 the classes number nearly forty, and, if the different kinds 

 of fitting be counted, about fifty : all their various products 

 being finally put together by the erector and his aids. 



Of the serial division of labour a good instance comes from 

 a large establishment for the manufacture of biscuits. To 

 begin with there is a department for the reception and 

 storage of raw materials. Weighing out the proportions of 

 ingredients for any particular kind of biscuit, is the first 

 process. Next comes the mixing mill, into which attend 

 ants pour these ingredients. From this emerges the pre 

 pared dough, which, passing into the rolling-presses, comes 

 out in sheets of the proper thickness. Out of these the 

 stamping machines cut out biscuits of the desired sizes and 

 shapes, and deliver them on to trays. These trays, placed in 

 the mouths of vast ovens and slowly carried through them 

 on horizontal revolving bands, are delivered at the other 

 side duly baked. Carried then by a mechanical apparatus to 

 the sorting-room the classed biscuits are thence transferred 

 to those who pack. Finally comes labeling and stamping 

 the boxes. 



Again we are shown how close are the analogies between 

 the sociological division of labour and the physiological di- 



