366 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



superiority, and helped to subordinate inferiors. From our 

 own history here is a fact showing the consequent demand : 



&quot;In 1423 it appears that the work in gold and silver done by the 

 goldsmiths of Newcastle, York, Lincoln, Norwich, Coventry, Salis 

 bury, and Bristol, in addition to those of London, was so extensive as 

 to render an assay-office necessary in each of these places.&quot; 



Most marked, however, is the effect where the two mo 

 tives combine ; as illustrated in ancient times by the carved 

 and chased shields of distinguished warriors, and as illus 

 trated in feudal times by the elaborately inlaid swords and 

 armour used by kings and wealthy nobles. 



How greatly, even now, production subserves desires of 

 this class, we see in our own households, where every glance 

 around proves that the thought of usefulness is dominated 

 by the thought of appearance. 



739. The antagonism between the militant and indus 

 trial kinds of activity and types of society, here meets us 

 again. For though militant activity fosters those industries 

 which appliances for attack and defence imply, and con 

 duces to development of certain arts, so that for the making 

 of hundred-ton guns and armour-plates fifteen inches thick, 

 there have been invented methods which have beneficially 

 influenced various peaceful businesses ; yet in most respects 

 the destroying activities have been antagonistic to the pro 

 ductive activities. Chronic wars in early European days 

 repeatedly broke up the industrial organization. Between 

 the 5th and 10th centuries in France, the greater number 

 of trades ceased to flourish, or even disappeared altogether. 

 In the 16th century &quot; the highways were so overrun with 

 briars and thorns that it w r as difficult to discover the tracks.&quot; 

 The Thirty Years War in Germany produced a social chaos : 

 men went fully armed to their fields to resist marauders. 

 Not only in this direct way is the antagonism manifested 

 but even more in indirect ways. Many examples have shown 

 us that in savage and semi-civilized societies all over the 



