370 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



the implied kind of division of labour begins very early. 

 Schoolcraf t writes : 



There was, according to Chippewa tradition, a particular class of 

 men among our northern tribes, before the introduction of fire-arms, 

 who were called MAKERS OF ARROW-HEADS. They selected proper 

 stones, and devoted themselves to this art, and took in exchange from 

 the warriors for their flint-heads, the skins, and flesh of animals.&quot; 

 So was it, he argues, with earthenware utensils. 



&quot; That pottery was a fixed art, and the business of a particular class 

 of society, amongst the ancient Floridian and other American tribes, 

 is thought to be evident from the preceding facts.&quot; 



And Kolben tells us that among the Hottentots, the rich, 

 being too lazy to make armour for themselves, a poor man 

 will make a set, which he will dispose of for cattle. But 

 the clearest illustration is that furnished by blacksmiths 

 as existing in slightly civilized societies, like those of Africa 

 and parts of Asia. For evidently most of the blacksmith s 

 products, or at least all those used for industrial purposes, 

 do not yield direct satisfactions ; but are merely aids in pro 

 ducing things which do so : he is an auxiliary producer. 



743. Early civilized life supplies, here and there, evi 

 dence of such differentiations. Writing of the Carolingian 

 period, Lcvasseur says: 



The goldsmith . . . cast and alloyed the metals ; laminated 

 them; made the substance of the article; chiselled or graved the 

 ornaments ; applied the enamel ; set the stones ; and polished or bur 

 nished them with his own hands ... He had also to know how to 

 make all his own implements.&quot; 



Evidently in those days the number of tools required for 

 goldsmiths work, and kindred work, was not sufficient to 

 develop the making of them into a separate business. It 

 became a separate business only when the demand for such 

 tools became great. The goldsmith remaining a producer, 

 the maker of his tools and other such tools became an aux 

 iliary producer. 



Like steps have been made during the growth of every 



