390 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



in payment for work. Pirn and Seemann say of the Bayano 

 Indians that 



&quot;They do not seem to understand exactly the value of money, and 

 think that the true drift of making a bargain consists in offering a 

 sum different to that demanded. I happened to be in a shop when 

 four of them came in to buy a comb, for which half-a-crown was asked, 

 but the Indians said that unless the shopkeeper would take threj 

 shillings they could not think of having it.&quot; 



Here &quot; the higgling of the market &quot; is exhibited under its 

 general form the expression of a difference between the 

 estimates of buyer and seller; and, showing that lack of dis 

 crimination characterizing low intelligences, there is a con 

 fusion between the two ways of asserting the difference. 



756. It will be instructive to note in this, as in other 

 cases, survivals of such primitive modes of action. 



One of the earliest kinds of exchange, while yet the barter 

 of commodities has scarcely taken form, is the barter of 

 assistances. Holub says of the Marutse that in building 

 houses the natives are &quot; so ready to assist one another, that 

 the want [of building material] is soon supplied: &quot; the 

 requirement being that the aids given are at some future 

 day received in return. We have already seen that such 

 exchanges of services are common among uncivilized peo 

 ples; and as the efforts, alike in kind, are measurable by the 

 amounts of time occupied, they initiate the idea of equiva 

 lence. Transactions of kindred nature survive among our 

 selves. Reciprocity of help is occasionally seen among 

 farmers in getting in crops; especially where the supply of 

 labour is deficient. Among villagers, too, there are ex 

 changes of garden-produce a gift of fruit in return for 

 which there is afterwards looked for another kind of gift: 

 repetition of the gift being in some cases dependent on ful 

 filment of this expectation. 



Even in the drinking of men in a public-house, there are 

 usages curiously simulating primitive usages. The pots of 



