AUXILIARY EXCHANGE. 395 



So that an arm s length of cloth serves as a measure of value. 

 The complete transformation of calico into money is shown 

 by the statement of Duff MacDonald concerning Elantyre. 



* No one in this district knows about gold or silver. A piece of calico 

 is more valued than all the coins of the Bank of England would be.&quot; 



Elsewhere textile fabrics woven into definite . shapes, and 

 having ornamental characters, come into use. Turner says 

 that in Samoa &quot; fine mats are considered their most valuable 

 property, and form a sort of currency which they give and 

 receive in exchange.&quot; And in Asia &quot; among the Khalkas 

 the [silk] scarves serve as currency, but are rarely used 

 for presents/ as in Southern Mongolia and Tibet: an in 

 structive instance, since it seems to imply presents passing 

 into barter and barter into a currency. 



759. From the ways in which things that satisfy physi 

 cal needs come into use as money, we now pass to the ways 

 in which things subserving self-preservation, as weapons 

 and implements, come into use for the same purpose. The 

 raw material out of which such things ar.e made, first being 

 an object of barter, occasionally serves as a medium of 

 exchange. In parts of Africa a fixed quantity of iron or 

 copper has become a measure of value. Burton tells us 

 that 



&quot;The Uquak, or iron-bar, was here [old Calabar], as in Bonny and 

 other places, the standard of value; it is now supplanted by the 

 copper, of which four makes the old bar.&quot; 



In other places there is a like use of iron, or rather steel, 

 fashioned into weapons. This happens in North East As 

 sam, where, says Eowney, &quot; the arms of the men [the 

 Khamptis] are the ddo for all offensive purposes.&quot; &quot; The 

 currency of the country is the ddo, and also unwrought 

 iron.&quot; That weapons are not more generally thus used may 

 be due to the fact that nearly every man possesses one, and 

 neither wants another himself nor, if he took it in exchange, 

 could pass it on. 



