396 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



In one case, if not more, implements have been similarly 

 employed. Down to the 4th century B. c. in China, un- 

 wrought metal, bartered by weight, was still a medium of 

 exchange ; but before that time there had arisen a currency 

 of implements. Between the 7th and the 4th century B. c. 

 there was spade-money: the spades being actually service 

 able as tools. As far back as the 7th century B. c. bronze 

 knives, of something like uniform weights and rudely in 

 scribed, served at once for cutting and for making pay 

 ments. &quot; Hoes and goods/ &quot; hoes and cloth &quot; were equiva 

 lent terms for wealth. Gradually these implements used 

 for currency lost their original forms: the cutting part be 

 coming less in proportion to the rest. 



But the Chinese media of exchange were extremely mis 

 cellaneous. As far back as the llth century B. c. gold 

 passed current in cubes, having definite weights. Then 

 there was &quot; ring-money/ 7 consisting of definite weights of 

 bronze shaped into rings for convenience of stringing to 

 gether. This coinage appears to have been the ancestor of 



the modern &quot; cash &quot; of the Chinese. 







700. Of things which subserve the three dominant de 

 sires above named, those which fulfil the third are those 

 best fitted for the purposes of a currency things which 

 minister to the love of admiration. By painting the body, 

 by tattooing, and by the wearing of trinkets in nose or ears 

 or on the wrists and ankles, savages show us that, after the 

 bodily needs have been satisfied or partially satisfied, the 

 most dominant wish has been that of subordinating others 

 by outdoing them in decoration. Ornaments and materials 

 for ornaments have therefore been things which everybody 

 wanted; and while thus fulfilling the primary requirement 

 for a circulating medium, they have fulfilled the secondary 

 requirement of great portability. AVe read that iron and 

 beads are so much desired by the Thlinkeets that they will 

 even exchange their children for them; and accounts of ad- 



