CHAPTER IX. 



INTER-DEPENDENCE AND INTEGRATION. 



763. IN the six preceding chapters a good deal has been 

 implied respecting the industrial integration which has ac 

 companied industrial differentiation. Before proceeding to 

 specially illustrate and emphasize this trait of social evolu 

 tion, it will be well to indicate the results thus indirectly 

 brought to light. 



Iron-works make possible the pick and shovel, and the 

 steel-tipped bar with which blast holes are punched out. On 

 these, joined with the blasting-powder and dynamite else 

 where made, depends the carrying on of mining. To the 

 various metals and the coal obtained by mining, we owe the 

 tools and the explosives. So that these several kinds of pro 

 duction develop by mutual aid; and it is so with multi 

 tudinous kinds of production. The processes of distribution 

 are in like manner mutually dependent. For any locality 

 to have an extensive system of retail trading, there must 

 co-exist a system of wholesale trading; since, unless large 

 quantities of commodities are brought, the retailers cannot 

 carry on their functions. Meanwhile the growth of whole 

 sale distribution is made possible only by the growth of 

 retail distribution; since the bringing of goods in large 

 quantities is useless unless there are retailers of them. 

 Again, these divisions of the distributing organization both 

 evolve pari passu, with the producing organization, while 



they enable it also to evolve. Evidently extensive distribu- 



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