INTER-DEPENDENCE AND INTEGRATION. 4Q7 



noted. Beyond the cooperation of many appliances inte 

 grated in the same machine, we have now the cooperation of 

 several machines. Newspaper-printing supplies an instance. 

 Instead of the primitive process of dipping a porous tray into 

 a mass of pulp, taking it out, putting it aside to drain, detach 

 ing the moist layer, then pressing and trimming the single 

 sheet of paper produced, we have, in the first place, the 

 paper-machine worked by a steam-engine, in which pulp, de 

 livered on to an endless revolving web, loses during a short 

 journey most of its water, passes between rollers to squeeze 

 out the remainder, then round heated cylinders to dry it, and 

 comes out at the other end of the machine either cut into 

 sheets or wound into a long roll. If wanted for a newspaper, 

 such a roll, containing a mile or two of paper, is fixed to a 

 printing machine. This, worked by a steam-engine (which 

 with its attached appliances is made self-stoking as well as 

 self-governing), draws into its interior this continuous sheet, 

 and, printing now one of its sides and now the other, brings 

 it out at the far end, where it is cut into separate newspapers 

 by an attached machine, and afterwards, in some cases, de 

 livered from it into a folding machine. Because paper-mak 

 ing requires a good supply of fit water and much space, it is 

 not the practice to make the paper at the place where the 

 printing is done ; but in the absence of impediments the ar 

 rangement would be such that at one end of the united ma 

 chines there was supplied a stream of wet pulp, while at the 

 other end there were delivered the printed and folded news 

 papers. 



This example of the cooperation of appliances this in 

 tegration of machines may be usefully contemplated here 

 as being symbolic of the wider and less manifest integrations 

 which we must now observe as displayed throughout the 

 whole industrial organization. 



765. Until analysis enlightens us we regard any object 

 of use or luxury as wholly produced by the ostensible maker 

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