REGULATION OF LABOUR. 413 



fying at once the qualities of the political, the ecclesiastical, 

 and the industrial governments. Increase or decrease in the 

 coerciveness of one of these kinds of rule, will be accom 

 panied by increase or decrease in the coerciveness of the 

 other kinds of rule. 



These general conceptions must now be substantiated by 

 facts; and we must then carry them with us while contem 

 plating the various phenomena of industrial regulation, 

 dealt with in succeeding chapters. 



769. Evidence that the political and industrial controls 

 have originally the same centre, and therefore the same 

 quality, is yielded by those rude societies in which the ruler 

 is the sole trader. Of the Barotse, Serpa Pinto writes: 

 &quot; Throughout the country, trade is carried on exclusively 

 with the king, who makes a monopoly of it.&quot; Among the 

 Khonds &quot; the head man of each village usually acts as chief 

 merchant, buying and bartering whenever he can profitably 

 do so.&quot; Of the Mundrucus Bates says that those who trade 

 with them &quot; have first to distribute their wares .... 

 amongst the minor chiefs, and then wait three or four 

 months for repayment in produce.&quot; And in Ellis s time, 

 trade in many harbours of the Sandwich Islands was al 

 most wholly monopolized by the king and chiefs. So was it, 

 too, in ancient Yucatan. Cortes says, concerning Apospo- 

 lon, lord of Aculan &quot; He is the richest of the traders of 

 this country.&quot; Whether or not himself a producer or trader, 

 the primitive ruler commonly directs industrial activities. 

 As observed by Angas, the New Zealand chiefs superin 

 tended agricultural and building operations. In East Africa 

 &quot; neither sowing nor harvest can take place without the 

 chief s permission, and the issue of his order is regulated by 

 his own interests.&quot; In ancient San Salvador &quot; it was the 

 office of the cazique to order the plantings.&quot; Among the 

 Murams of Munipore &quot; formerly no one was allowed to 

 plant his rice until the great chief allowed it or had finished 



